Sutterella was detected in the majority of samples analyzed (ASD 21/23 SIB 19/22 CON 9/9). The absolute numbers (per gram of feces) and relative numbers of bacteria in feces of individuals from the ASD, SIB and CON groups are presented in Table 1. A P value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Analyses were carried out using analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Dunnett’s test or by Student’s t-test.
Statistical analyses were carried out using SPSS for Windows™ (version 17, SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).
#BIO RAD CFX MANAGER 3.1 MAC SOFTWARE#
For Sutterella, SsoFast™ Probes Supermix was used instead of EvaGreen® Supermix and an updated version of Bio-Rad CFX Manager software (Version 2.0) was used. Methods for QPCR, data analysis and primers for total bacteria were also as reported previously. gnavus in feces using previously described primers. QPCR was used to estimate the abundance of Sutterella spp., R. Procedures for fecal sample collection and processing, as well as microbial DNA extraction, have been described previously. Participants’ caregivers completed a functional GI disorder (FGID) questionnaire. The study complied with National Health and Medical Research Council (Australia) guidelines relating to ethical conduct in human research. įecal samples were collected from 23 children with ASD (3 without siblings), 22 typically developing siblings (SIB) and 9 community controls (CON) without a family history of ASD. muciniphila, mucosal numbers of Ruminococcus species are altered in individuals with IBD. We have also examined whether fecal numbers of some other mucosa-associated bacteria, namely Ruminococcus torques and Ruminococcus gnavus, are altered in individuals with ASD. is also altered in the feces of children with ASD relative to controls. We have carried out further QPCR analyses of samples from that study to examine whether the abundance of Sutterella spp. and the mucolytic bacterium Akkermansia muciniphila in children with ASD. Ī previous study by our group used quantitative real-time PCR (QPCR) to compare the abundance of a range of bacteria in feces of children with ASD, their siblings and community controls, and demonstrated a low relative abundance of Bifidobacterium spp. wadsworthensis in colonic biopsies of adults with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) was not different from controls, Sutterella appeared to be more prevalent in the human gut than previously reported. However, in another study, where it was shown that the abundance of S. wadsworthensis, even among individuals with bowel disorders. In one study using culture-based techniques, less than 1% of individuals had detectable fecal levels of S.
Sutterella wadsworthensis is noteworthy as it has been associated with some GI infections in humans. Bacteria of the genus Sutterella have been identified in canine and human feces. in biopsies taken from the GI tract of ASD children with GI disturbance compared to controls with GI disturbance. reported a significantly higher prevalence of Sutterella spp. Several studies have demonstrated an altered GI microbiota in children with ASD compared with controls. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder where there is evidence of gastrointestinal (GI) disturbance in many affected individuals.